Belgium competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR.

In partial support of the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics, Belgium competed under the Olympic Flag instead of its national flag.

59 competitors, 43 men and 16 women, took part in 51 events in 10 sports.

[1] In Belgium's third appearance in the modern archery competition, the nation was represented by two men, including 1972 and 1976 Olympic veteran Robert Cogniaux.

Three fencers, two men and one woman, represented Belgium in 1980.