Romania competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR.

228 competitors, 154 men and 74 women, took part in 135 events in 20 sports.

In its first appearance at the Olympic archery competition, Romania was represented by two men and two women.

The best result for the nation was earned by Aurora Chin, at 13th place.

Three male pentathletes represented Romania in 1980.