In statistics a minimum-variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) or uniformly minimum-variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) is an unbiased estimator that has lower variance than any other unbiased estimator for all possible values of the parameter.
For practical statistics problems, it is important to determine the MVUE if one exists, since less-than-optimal procedures would naturally be avoided, other things being equal.
This has led to substantial development of statistical theory related to the problem of optimal estimation.
While combining the constraint of unbiasedness with the desirability metric of least variance leads to good results in most practical settings—making MVUE a natural starting point for a broad range of analyses—a targeted specification may perform better for a given problem; thus, MVUE is not always the best stopping point.
from some member of a family of densities
exists, then one can prove there is an essentially unique MVUE.
[1] Using the Rao–Blackwell theorem one can also prove that determining the MVUE is simply a matter of finding a complete sufficient statistic for the family
and conditioning any unbiased estimator on it.
Further, by the Lehmann–Scheffé theorem, an unbiased estimator that is a function of a complete, sufficient statistic is the UMVUE estimator.
Put formally, suppose
is a complete sufficient statistic for the family of densities.
A Bayesian analog is a Bayes estimator, particularly with minimum mean square error (MMSE).
An efficient estimator need not exist, but if it does and if it is unbiased, it is the MVUE.
Since the mean squared error (MSE) of an estimator δ is the MVUE minimizes MSE among unbiased estimators.
In some cases biased estimators have lower MSE because they have a smaller variance than does any unbiased estimator; see estimator bias.
Consider the data to be a single observation from an absolutely continuous distribution on
with density and we wish to find the UMVU estimator of First we recognize that the density can be written as Which is an exponential family with sufficient statistic
In fact this is a full rank exponential family, and therefore
See exponential family for a derivation which shows Therefore, Here we use Lehmann–Scheffé theorem to get the MVUE Clearly
is complete sufficient, thus the UMVU estimator is This example illustrates that an unbiased function of the complete sufficient statistic will be UMVU, as Lehmann–Scheffé theorem states.