11th century

It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century.

In Italy, the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace at Pavia was summoned in 1024.

By the end of the century, Lombard and Byzantine rule in the Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities.

In Northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organized capitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century, most notably in Venice.

The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by Emperor Shenzong of Song and the Chancellors Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young Emperor Zhezong of Song.

In Korea, the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies.

The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.

Further east, the Kingdom of Butuan, centered on the northern portion of Mindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago.

Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere in early half of 11th century
Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century
The Brihadeeswarar Temple of Chola era southern India, completed in 1010, during the reign of Rajaraja I
A Scholar in a Meadow , Chinese Song dynasty , 11th century
An 11th-century rock crystal ewer of Fatimid Egypt
Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes
Celadon statue of an imperial guardian lion of the Chinese Song dynasty , 11th or 12th century
Territories of Zirids and Hammadids after the invasions of Banu Hilal , of Norman incursions and the weakening of the Almoravids
A flat casket carved out of ivory from Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain), c. 1050
The Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066
An 11th-century Chola dynasty bronze figurine of Arthanariswara
A page of the Domesday Book of England
Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
Ani Cathedral in Turkey, completed 1001 or 1010
St Albans Cathedral of England, completed in 1089
The Gonbad-e Qabus Tower , built in 1006 during the Ziyarid dynasty of Iran
Pagoda of Fogong Temple , built in 1056 in Shanxi , China by the Khitan Liao dynasty in 1056
Latin translation of the Book of Optics (1021), written by the Iraqi physicist , Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
Constantine the African examines patients' urine; he taught ancient Greek medicine and Islamic medicine at the Schola Medica Salernitana .
The original diagram of Su Song 's book Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao (published 1092) showing the clepsydra tank, waterwheel , escapement mechanism, chain drive , striking clock jacks, and armillary sphere of his clock tower
Diagram from al-Bīrūnī's book Kitab al-tafhim showing lunar phases and lunar eclipse
The spherical astrolabe , long employed in medieval Islamic astronomy , was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II .
The Ostromir Gospels of Novgorod , 1057