Mongolia competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR.

43 competitors, 39 men and 4 women, took part in 41 events in 8 sports.

[1] In the third time they competed in archery at the Olympics, Mongolia entered two men and two women.

Both of the men were returning veterans from the 1976 games while both of the women were Olympic rookies.

The men both improved upon their scores and ranks from four years before.