Homogeneous catalysis

In contrast, heterogeneous catalysis describes processes where the catalysts and substrate are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas, respectively.

Related reactions entail "HX additions" where X = silyl (hydrosilylation) and CN (hydrocyanation).

Most large-scale industrial hydrogenations – margarine, ammonia, benzene-to-cyclohexane – are conducted with heterogeneous catalysts.

A number of polyolefins, e.g. polyethylene and polypropylene, are produced from ethylene and propylene by Ziegler-Natta catalysis.

[6] Olefin metathesis is usually catalyzed heterogeneously in industry, but homogeneous variants are valuable in fine chemical synthesis.

Enzymes are homogeneous catalysts that are essential for life but are also harnessed for industrial processes.

Esters and amides are slow to hydrolyze in neutral water, but the rates are sharply affected by metalloenzymes, which can be viewed as large coordination complexes.

A constrained geometry complex . Such precatalysts are used for the production of polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene . [ 3 ]
Mechanism for the hydrogenation of an alkene catalyzed by the homogeneous catalyst Wilkinson's catalyst .